INTERNET BUSINESS NEWS-(C)1995-2007 M2 COMMUNICATIONS LTD LTD 1 Laron-type dwarfism 2 Leukotriene D 3 Long-term depression, see there 4. Long-term disability   AOL (A division of Time Warner, Inc., New York, NY, www.aol.com) The world's largest online information service with access to the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms and a variety of databases and services. .pl has been launched in Poland by AOL Europe, a subsidiary of Time Warner-owned AOL LLC (Logical Link Control) See "LANs" under data link protocol.

LLC - Logical Link Control , a global web services company, providing free e-mail, AIM instant messaging, AOL Video, AOL Pictures and the Winamp Media Player, along with customised content such as news, sports and celebrity news. AOL said the launch of the site, which can be found at http://www.aol.pl, is part of its European expansion strategy, which aims to see AOL serving 17 different European markets by 2009. It chose Poland, which is the first Central European country AOL has entered in this expansion programme, because of the growth potential of the Polish online ad market. AOL.pl provides the Poczta AOL e-mail service, with an unlimited storage option and spam and anti-virus protections; and AIM instant messaging which includes offline messages, picture sharing, personalisation and group messaging. The site also includes AOL Foto, with unlimited image storage and sharing via blogs, instant messaging and e-mail; AOL Video; content channels, the Winamp media player with streaming content; and web search powered by Google.

According to AOL Europe, the aol.pl content will be delivered in cooperation with Polish partners. The news section is provided by PAP (Polish Press Agency Polska Agencja Prasowa (PAP) is a Polish news agency, distributing press releases in a similar way to Reuters, AFP and AP.It was founded by Polish communists in 1944 as the alternative the to Polish government in exile-loyal Polish Telegraphic Agency. ), with Agora for celebrity news, Filmweb for the film channel and Albireo for the daily horoscope service.

((Comments on this story may be sent to info@m2.com)).

Byline: Barbara De Witt De Witt, uninc. town (1990 pop.

8,244), Onondaga co., central N.Y., a residential suburb of Syracuse.   First it was the P-word (polyester), then blue nail polish, and now Miz Hot Tips is seeing those floating heart necklaces again in fashion mags. But if you still have any doubt that the '70s are groovin' again, read on.

Sun-sign chatter has become such a deal with the ``Friends'' age group that there's a book on how to tell what sign your cat is. In ``Zodicat Speaks'' (Viking; $12.95), by a tabby named Dr. Zodicat, you'll learn how to chart your pet's astrological course and learn some insider stuff such as why Fluffy likes to groom herself all the time and why Big Red could care less, but loves dropping dead mice at your feet. Among the catty cat·ty  1   adj.

cat·ti·er, cat·ti·est1. Subtly cruel or malicious; spiteful: a catty remark.2. Catlike; stealthy.  little tips you'll get in this coffee table-type book are that Sagittarian cats love to wrap both paws around your neck when picked up; Virgo cats are so anal-retentive that they'll clean up the cat box after other cats have used it; and Aquarian cats love sharpening their nails.

It's a must-have for cat-lovers who can't resist looking at their horoscope horoscope: see astrology. horoscopeAstrological chart showing the positions of the sun, moon, and planets in relation to the signs of the zodiac at a specific time.  in the newspaper, even though they claim it's all nonsense. (Hey, if it's going to be a four-star day, why miss it?) Body billboards: Did you happen to see that recent Movieline magazine cover with Jamie Lee Curtis Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism. ? She had ``Chicks Rule'' written in lipstick across her chest.

And Julia Roberts sported a ``Love'' message on her midriff midriff /mid·riff/ (-rif) the diaphragm; the region between the breast and waistline. mid·riffn.See diaphragm.  for the cover of Entertainment Weekly. For those who'd like to call attention to their own buffed body parts, the lipstick used by both stars is Fran Wilson's Moodmatcher lipstick.

According to according toprep.1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians.2. In keeping with: according to instructions.3.  makeup artists, it lasts a really long time (about 12 hours) without smudging smudging (smuˑ·jing),n in Native American medicine, the ritual of purifying the location, patient, healer, helpers and ritual objects by using the smoke obtained by burning sacred , and is really cheap at only $2.75.

Look for Moodmatcher lipstick at Longs Drug Stores, Drug Emporiums and Walmart stores. For other stuff that celebs like, check out the goods at the Beverly Hills Beverly Hills, city (1990 pop. 31,971), Los Angeles co., S Calif., completely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles; inc.

The largely residential city is home to many motion-picture and television personalities.  Basket Co. The personalized gift-basket service has sent all kinds of theme baskets to Hollywood's A-list, including a basket of chocolate dog bones to Arnold Schwarzenegger. To order, call owner Tina Rappaport at (310) 207-0678. Beyond Starbucks: Sometimes status is less about the coffee brand than the mug you drink it in.

Having tired of her plastic Starbucks mug and ready for some coffee mugs and teapots with some creative clout, Miz Hot Tips has discovered a cool new place called B.K. Handin Designs, 3953 Laurel Grove Ave., Studio City, where artist-owner Barbara Handin makes charming pottery that looks inspired by Disneyland's teacup ride. She has six designs to choose from, or she'll create one just for you. And she serves coffee, which you can sip while she paints.

Susan Miller (Playmate) (born 1947) Susan Miller, Baroness Miller of Chilthorne Domer (born 1954) Susan Miller (producer), founder of Mixed Media Group, Inc. Susan Miller (astrologer)  have partnered to launch Astrology astrology, form of divination based on the theory that the movements of the celestial bodies—the stars, the planets, the sun, and the moon—influence human affairs and determine the course of events.  Zone AUDIO(TM). The new service enables consumers to download daily horoscopes to their iPods or other media devices. Astrology Zone AUDIO(TM) members will also have the opportunity to join Miller live each month via phone.

With millions of readers per month, Miller joins iAmplify's roster of more than 60 notable Amplifiers currently publishing exclusive content for the site in verticals ranging from fitness to relationships and personal growth. This new feature is accessible at astrologyzone.iamplify.com. "I have been studying astrology and writing astrological as·trol·o·gy  n.1. The study of the positions and aspects of celestial bodies in the belief that they have an influence on the course of natural earthly occurrences and human affairs.2.

Obsolete Astronomy.  forecasts for many years in magazines, newspapers and books," Miller said. "These new downloadable horoscopes and monthly TeleTalks will provide my users with a more intimate experience while offering the convenience of being able to listen to their forecast in the car or on a coffee break at work. It is perfect for the on-the-go lifestyle that so many of my readers currently have." "Susan is a pioneer in the field of astrology and iAmplify is leading the charge in the online syndication of audio and video content. We are very excited the stars have aligned to create this partnership," said Murray Hidary, CEO (1) (Chief Executive Officer) The highest individual in command of an organization. Typically the president of the company, the CEO reports to the Chairman of the Board.

 and Co-founder of iAmplify. "We are confident that her audience will enjoy joining her via phone each month and taking her with them wherever they go. This is the future of horoscopes." About Astrology Zone AUDIO (TM) For $14.95 per month, members of Astrology Zone AUDIO(TM) will receive daily and monthly astrological forecasts that they can download to their computer, iPod or other portable media device and listen as often and wherever they like.

Members of the community can also join Miller live via phone where Miller will discuss topics about astrology and take questions from the audience. Additional signs can be purchased for half off. An extended a la carte content offering will launch this summer. About Susan Miller A second-generation astrologer, Susan Miller was mentored by her mother in the astrological arts. At the prompting of Warner Books, Miller wrote her first trade hardcover in 1994, "The Astrology Book of Days." Her book was followed by "Planets & Possibilities" and four additional best-selling titles.

In 1995, Miller launched Astrology Zone(R) (www.astrologyzone.com), her award-winning website which has received worldwide acclaim for its accurate and comprehensive monthly forecasts. The site contains 500 pages of original content, all written by Susan herself. She has a dedicated following of six million unique readers per month.

Miller's multi-media career has penetrated every major communication vehicle. With a daily column in the New York Daily News New York Daily NewsMorning daily tabloid newspaper published in New York City. It was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and his cousin Robert McCormick as a subsidiary of the Tribune Co.

The first successful tabloid-format newspaper in the U.S. , a monthly column in both CosmoGirl! And InStyle, and TV guest appearances on Access Hollywood Access Hollywood is a weekday television entertainment news program covering events and celebrities in the entertainment industry. It was created by former Entertainment Tonight , Entertainment Tonight, CNBC's On The Money, 20/20, CBS' The Early Show, ABC's The View, CNBC's Power Lunch, and NBC's Last Call with Carson Daly Last Call with Carson Daly is a late night NBC talk show, hosted by former MTV VJ Carson Daly. Last Call , occupying the time slot previously held by Later , Miller has become a household name.

About iAmplify iAmplify (pronounced: i-amp-li-fy), a leading publisher of premium digital media is a Web-based syndication network, providing the tools and storefront for leading celebrities, experts and media companies to publish paid audio and video content over the Internet. The company sells exclusive content on its Web site, iAmplify.com, and via syndication to portals, aggregators and distributors.

iAmplify has exclusive rights to a large catalog of content in more than 30 verticals such as fitness, yoga, nutrition, relationships, spirituality, sports and more. Content is available for download to computer or any portable media device including iPods and cell phones; and is always available online in a personal library. Founded in 2004 by Internet pioneers Jack and Murray Hidary, iAmplify now has offices in New York City New York City: see New York, city. New York CityCity (pop., 2000: 8,008,278), southeastern New York, at the mouth of the Hudson River.

The night has been associated with a lady dressed in black velvet and bejewelled with glowing diamonds we know as stars The shining stars of the night, together with other celestial bodies, however have been more than trinkets in the skyThe night has been associated with a lady dressed in black velvet and bejewelled with glowing diamonds we know as stars. The shining stars of the night, together with other celestial bodies, however have been more than trinkets in the sky. The astrologers have for centuries looked to the heavens for some star or planetary activity that might impact people''s lives on earth. So what is the history behind astrology in the western part of the world? In the ancient times, the practice of astrology is meant only for the royal blood, during this period, the royalty credibly relied on astrologers and placed them in respected positions in their palaces. When the astrologers brought some bad news though, they literally cut the heads of the poor astrologers off.

In the meantime, in 2300 BC, western astrology started in ancient Mesopotamia and found its way to olden Greece. Astrology thrived in this land along with the emergence of the well-known Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Meanwhile, one of Aristotle''s students, Alexander the Great, went on colonizing different parts of the world and with it distributed the Greek philosophy and way of life.

In a span of three hundred years, it was in Egypt that much of Alexander''s conquests made its greatest influence. Astrology in particular became the centre of scholarly learning and acceptance by the foremost thinkers of the era. In particular, Ptolemy not only studied the skies but focused on mathematically inclined astronomy, this event marked the beginning of astrology as we know it today - the horoscope and the zodiac signs. After several hundred years however, western astrologers have gone underground to give way to the powerful beliefs of the Christian Church in the Middle Ages. They practiced astrology with caution as it was declared unorthodox at that time. Fortunately, by the Renaissance period, the revival of the Greek and neo-Platonic thought brought western astrology back to life.

Marsilio Ficino was one of the famous alchemist and astrologer of this era. Still, this was cut short during the Age of Enlightenment when a paradigm shift separated the fields of astronomy and astrology apart - considering the former to be a physical science and the latter a mere supernatural art. The revival of western astrology at the start of the twentieth century was made primarily through the efforts of the awe-inspiring astrologers Sepharial and Alan Leo - the pioneers of the Astrological Lodge of the Theosophical Society in Britain. From then on, western astrology flourished and became a popular pursuit for almost everybody. The astrological beliefs referring to the Sun Sign Astrology, karma, reincarnation and daily horoscopes became part of group discussions and everyday lingo.

In the 1930s, Paul Clancy published the "American Astrology" magazine and opened up the world of astrology to a wider public. It was the highly respected Dane Rudhyar who first wrote the daily horoscopes under the 12 astrological signs. The horoscope then became a daily habit and widely sought in the newspapers, magazines and other publications. Hence, the history of western astrology may have been full of adversities, but the fact that it has survived through the years speak of a supernatural yet down-to-earth spirituality.Keith Ward is the Founder and Director of the Circle of Professional Clairvoyants, which offers Psychic Readings with fully qualified Psychics and Senior UK Clairvoyants.

ARIESMarch 21-April 19It is possible that you'll be feeling a little insecure or even put-upon today and will be in need of some good friends to talk to. On the positive side you'll easily be able to express your doubts or concerns and there will be someone who will offer that all important shoulder!TAURUSApril 20-May 20Thanks to the moon's emotional influence you're going to feel a little less invincible than you did yesterday, but this won't be a bad thing. In fact it will be great for both friendships and romance, as the people who know you get a rare glimpse of your softer side!GEMINIMay 21-June 20It could be an emotionally taxing day for you, especially in terms of romance or friendships. Thanks to a couple of strong aspects influencing your ruling planet you'll be feeling quite sensitive and while you won't have a bad day you are likely to be affected by anyone who is!CANCERJune 21-July 22Positive lunar influences will give you a surge of much needed energy and confidence today. You'll feel as though you can do anything. At some point through the day your ability to take control will prove to be a blessing, as you'll manage to prove just what a power-sign you can be!LEOJuly 23-Aug.

22The element of fire will be particularly weak today, and given that you're a fire sign you should expect things to perhaps slow down a little. In terms of romance you are likely to sit back and let them do all the chasing, but be warned: playing it too cool could be misinterpreted as indifference!VIRGOAug.

22Expect a tricky day today and blame a couple of minor negative influences that will disrupt your routine and slow everything down! However, if you don't allow yourself to get too stressed out you're quite likely to be happy that something did go wrong. Look for the silver linings!LIBRASept.

22It looks as though someone who is quite keen to get to know you better is going to double their efforts to get your attention. For you the trouble is that you'll feel as though you already have enough on your plate today, but are you really getting your priorities right, Libra?SCORPIOOct.

21Friends and family will feature strongly today. A glowing Venus/Pluto combination will reverse any somber mood and will ensure that you're feeling ultra sociable, so make sure that you clear your workload in plenty of time for a busy, but fun evening. For some, romance is in the air!SAGITTARIUSNov. 21It's highly likely that you are going to be that little bit more happy-go-lucky and a little less stressed about money issues. This small surge of confidence means that you'll be less inclined to bury yourself with work or school work, which will give you a more balanced outlook!CAPRICORNDec.

19Unfortunately, a slightly low mood is likely to have you running to the mall for a pick-me-up, and this isn't really going to do the trick. What you need to do is confide in a close friend to regain some perspective. A good old-fashioned heart-to-heart will lighten the load!AQUARIUSJan. 18The planets are telling you that now is the time to widen your social circle, especially if things seem a little jaded right now.

By joining a new group that shares a common interest not only will you gain a fresh perspective and lots of inspiration but you could meet someone rather special too!PISCESFeb. 19-March 20Mixed lunar influences are likely to make you feel quite emotionally drained today, and this listlessness could emerge in bouts of frustrated irritation with your nearest and dearest. To counter this schedule something that you adore doing into the evening, something you can really look forward to!.

It is safe to say that our ancestors were looking up at the sky, and finding connections between celestial events and those on Earth While most would agree that the motions of the sun and stars are ideal for predicting when to plant crops, it is a bit more complicated to associate celestial events with personal and community affairsIt is safe to say that our ancestors were looking up at the sky, and finding connections between celestial events and those on Earth. While most would agree that the motions of the sun and stars are ideal for predicting when to plant crops, it is a bit more complicated to associate celestial events with personal and community affairs. Nevertheless, ancient astrologers began noticing that all kinds of relationships existed between the motions of the stars and the apparently random actions of mankind. Regardless of whether you are talking about Eastern, Western, or Egyptian astrology, all of the predictions about future events depend on the motion and relationships between the stars and planets.

For example, in reality Mercury does not ?retrograde? or go backwards in its orbit. Nevertheless, someone standing on Earth can easily observe that Mercury will rise in an opposite quadrant of the sky depending on the time of year. As you may be aware, Mercury in retrograde means communication difficulties. In a similar way, there are a number of meanings associated with the way the sun, moon, and planets appear to interact with the constellations.

Individuals are assigned an astrology sign based on when the sun is moving through a particular constellation. Since the sun, moon, and planets continue to move across the sky, a person''s life is divided into astrological houses. Each person has a house for money, love, family, and other practical aspects of life.

Historically speaking, an astrologer would have to spend days, or even months working to cast an individual?s horoscope. This is just one reason why these predictions were only made available to the most powerful community leaders. As humans developed the ability to write and record astrological information, they also began to notice the cyclic nature of certain celestial lineups. Today, anyone can purchase an ephemeris that will provide listings of thousands of relationships between the constellations, planets, and other celestial objects. When casting a horoscope, all you will need to do is understand the meaning of each celestial lineup, and then find out which astrological house is being affected.

If you want a fast, easy way to obtain a daily horoscope, there are a number of programs and websites that can help you find out what the day will bring. That said, these methods rarely encompass all of the astrological lineups for a given day. On the other hand, when you consult with an astrologer, you will receive a much more detailed reading.

You can also ask questions about specific areas of your life, and enjoy the benefits of the astrologer''s insight. As may be expected, if you are fascinated by this subject, you can also pick up books and other materials that will teach you how to cast your own horoscopes. While it may take you some time to learn all of the terminology and symbols, you are sure to find it worth your while. At some point, you may even develop your own personal system based on celestial events that appear to have the most impact on your life. Without a question, when you are talking about the infinite depth of the universe, there is sure to be a pattern that matches your life and its future perfectly.Keith Ward is the Founder and Director of the Circle of Professional Clairvoyants, which offers Psychic Readings with fully qualified Psychics and Senior UK Clairvoyants.

You''ve all read them in the papers, your daily horoscope, detailing whether you''ll be lucky in love today or that perhaps you just might want to slow down that steamy office romance that he started a few weeks ago. Just about everyone reads their romance horoscope, whether they believe in them or not, because most of the time, a romance horoscope is just plain fun. Still, many believe and seriously consider what is contained in a romance horoscope, whether it comes from the daily newspaper or it''s offered through a psychic reading. Starting with the basics, most people in the Western astrological world use the Zodiac as their horoscope.

Eastern astrological signs are different and animals are used to represent romance horoscope signs. The Zodiac as applied in Western astrology can even go so far as to determining what Zodiac signs are compatible with yours. If you''re interested in a romance horoscope, it''s best to become somewhat familiar with the signs and personalities associated with each Zodiac figure. For example, those born from April 21 to May 21 are generally considered to be born under the astrological sign of the bull, or Taurus. Be advised however, that these dates follow the ''Tropical Zodiac'' format.

A tropical date is used mostly in the United States and Europe and uses the hemisphere as a separation guideline. A sidereal zodiac uses the sun and star alignments as a guideline and is used mostly in India. This date format will give the same Taurus sign as being May 15 through June 14. But that''s not all.

The astronomical date for Taurus is actually May 14 through June 21. If you try to figure out those romance horoscope options, then you are serious about your readings. Regardless of the dates, each romance horoscope sign is given an element. Still using Taurus as an example, their element sign is Earth. A Ram''s element is fire, a Gemini is air, and a Scorpio is water.

More than one astrological romance horoscope can be the same element and that''s where the love matching comes in. Temperaments can also be determined using a romance horoscope and the various energies and element that are associated with each Zodiac sign. For example, a Leo is expected to be generous, proud and theatrical. A Libra will likely be cooperative and fair.

A Sagittarius is straightforward and can be rather careless. Using such information can make a romance horoscope reading much more detailed and thorough, for those who know how to take the information and relate it to their circumstances. Many believers of astrology and romance horoscope readings believe that certain ''signs'' or ''elements'' belong together, or not, and that their relationship is predetermined by their signs as well. A romance horoscope will state that an Aries matched with an Aries will experience a fervent relationship, while a Gemini matched with a Virgo will have an ''unusual'' relationship. A Libra matched with a Pisces may experience a fairytale love.

Business/Technology Editors ACTON, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Feb. 29, 2000 Seasoned print advertising sales executives are following their former clients to the Internet, the Internet, the, international computer network linking together thousands of individual networks at military and government agencies, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, industrial and financial corporations of all sizes, and commercial enterprises  hot spot of advertising sales. Alonna Doucette, the former associate publisher of Windows Magazine, the once popular publication from CMP CMP (cytidine monophosphate): see cytosine.

(1) (CMP Media LLC, Manhasset, NY, www.cmp.com) Part of United Business Media, CMP is a leading integrated media company that offers a wide variety of publications and services in the information  Media that was a casualty in the magazine shakeout ShakeoutA situation in which many investors exit their positions, often at a loss, because of uncertainty or recent bad news circulating around a particular security or industry.Notes:During the dotcom boom and bust, numerous shakeouts occurred.  of the late '90s, has been recruited by a former advertising client to join Teen.com, one of the most popular content sites for teenagers. Most recently the Vice President of Business Development at International Data Group, Doucette was responsible for the strategic integration of all IDG IDG International Data GroupIDG Integrated Drive GeneratorIDG Installation Design GuideIDG Internet Discussion GroupIDG Inset Dielectric GuideIDG International Dangerous Goods (mail, shipping)  product lines including consulting, research, print media and on-line media for key accounts in the IT market. Doucette was recruited by her former advertising client Gerald J. (Jerry) Croteau, Jr., CEO (1) (Chief Executive Officer) The highest individual in command of an organization.

Typically the president of the company, the CEO reports to the Chairman of the Board.  and founder of Teen.com as Vice President of Sales. Croteau was the CEO of Target Systems Corporation, the help desk software company purchased by Applix Systems (Nasdaq:APLX) in 1995.

Since then, Croteau has been speaking about the Internet and has published a book, The Business Internet. In 1997 he began developing Teen.com into a family-friendly place for teenagers to connect with each other and find information pertinent PERTINENT, evidence. Those facts which tend to prove the allegations of the party offering them, are called pertinent; those which have no such tendency are called impertinent, 8 Toull.

By pertinent is also meant that which belongs. Willes, 319.  to their lives and aspirations aspirations npl → aspiraciones fpl (= ambition); ambición faspirations npl (= hopes, ambition) → aspirations fpl . Web site traffic has mushroomed to the point where over 45 million ad banners See banner ad.

 are served per month and 2.3 million user sessions A count of how many times all users access a Web site regardless whether the same person came back several times during the measurement period. If a user leaves and returns within a short time, some systems count those sessions as one. Contrast with unique visitors. See also user session.  per month.

"With the amount of ad inventory we have, we needed someone dedicated to work with sponsors of our various sections," states Jerry Croteau, "and to work with AdSmart, our advertising sales company, to help bring new advertisers on board." "Moving from IT clients to the whims of young teen girls is a certainly a change," says Alonna Doucette, "I love the fact that millions of teenagers all are coming together in one place, and as a result, the page views are growing like crazy. That's what attracted me to make this big move." Doucette has 18 years of marketing and sales experience in the high-tech publishing industry. About Teen.com Teen.com is the ultimate place for teens on the Internet.

It contains daily features and columns such as advice, diaries, poetry and photo contests, fashion, beauty, movie and music reviews, homework help, games, jokes, news, horoscopes, college information, and a free daily Email newsletter with over 75,000 subscribers. Teens can shop online at the Mall @ Teen.com and the Teen.com Online Store. Teen.com delivers more than 44 million monthly page views to over 85,000 daily visitors. The site is in the Top 20 on the "100 Hot Kids" list (The Web's Most Popular Kids Sites) www.hot100.com/kids and the Top 20 of all chat sites www.hot100.com/chat.

Husaberg (KTM - formerly Swedish) KTM , most of the major machine tool manufacturers, we hosted the UK's leading telephone and communications manufacturer, we built aeroplane piston and jet engines, we built military vehicles Military vehicles include all land combat and transportation vehicles, excluding rail-based, which are designed for or are in significant use by military forces.See also list of armoured fighting vehicles.  at Alvis, tractors at Massey Ferguson Massey Ferguson Limited is a major agricultural equipment manufacturer.

Originally started in Canada it became one of the country's largest industrial concerns in the 1960s. , and aeroplanes at Whitley. I could go on, and all were major exporters.

All of that has gone, and will not be coming back. By all the counts I can find, the population of Coventry has not varied outside a range of plus or minus 3,000 over the last 18 years. Yet we are asked to believe that there will be a working population increase that requires 33,500 new houses over the next 17 years. In terms of new headcount, with an average of two per house, it suggests a population increase to some 370,000 by 2026. As an engineer I have to deal in credible realities.

I just cannot see where the increased jobs are to arise. Until someone can convince me otherwise I will continue to believe that the projections are utterly incredible and that it would be quite wrong to allocate green belt land to accommodate it. R W Booth, Cromwell Lane, Coventry.

Abstract The use of look-up-tables (LUTs) to represent parameterizations within numerical weather prediction Numerical weather prediction uses mathematical models of the atmosphere to predict the weather. Manipulating the huge datasets and performing the complex calculations necessary to do this on a resolution fine enough to make the results useful can require some of the most powerful  and other atmospheric models is presented.

We discuss several approaches as to how the use of LUTs can be optimized in order to retain the physical representation of the parameterization, yet be much more computationally efficient than the parent parameterization from which they are derived. Introduction All atmospheric models are composed of a dynamical core, which represents advection ad·vec·tion  n.1. The transfer of a property of the atmosphere, such as heat, cold, or humidity, by the horizontal movement of an air mass: , the pressure gradient force The pressure gradient force is the force that is usually responsible for accelerating a parcel of air from a high atmospheric pressure region to a low pressure region, resulting in wind. , and gravitational acceleration; and of a set of parameterizations that represent all other physical processes in the model. Only the dynamical core is based on fundamental physical concepts.

For example, the pressure gradient force does not involve tunable coefficients. In contrast, parameterizations, although partly based on fundamental concepts of physics, involve tunable coefficients and empirical functions. In atmospheric models, parameterizations are constructed, for example, for deep cumulus convection, stratiform stratiform /strat·i·form/ (-form) having a layered structure. stratiformoccurring in layers.

 cloud and precipitation processes, subgrid-scale mixing, short- and longwave radiative fluxes, and land-surface interactions (see Pielke 2002, Appendix B for summaries of the parameterizations used by a variety of numerical weather prediction and other atmospheric models). The computational costs of the parameterizations, however, are becoming much greater than for the dynamical core of a model, as parameterizations introduce greater complexity.

Majewski et al. (2002) report the computational cost of different components of high-resolution global operational numerical weather prediction models.

They show that parameterizations occupy 46.8% of the total when the radiation code was updated every 2 hours. If the radiation code (which represents 57.5% of the total parameterization cost) is updated on a more realistic time scale, e.g., 10 minutes, this parameterization by itself would cost about 85% of the total computational time! In this paper, we outline a procedure to very significantly reduce this computational cost. Earlier discussions of this subject are available from Matsui et al. (2004) and Chevallier et al.

Methodology The goal of a parameterization is to mimic the physical process that it is designed to represent without requiring a detailed, comprehensive, high spatial and temporal resolution model. Since the parameterization itself is an engineering module (i.e., it consists of empirical equations with tunable coefficients derived from observations and/or from a higher resolution model), the goal is to accurately represent the physics it is designed to simulate at a minimum of computational cost. The parameterization concept can be written as: Output (x) = T[Input(x),y] (1) where the dependent variables that need to be computed (the Output x), are obtained from the Input values x and the prescribed constants, y of the parameterization, through the transfer function, T, which is the parameterization. The constants y are obtained from observations and/or a higher resolution model when the parameterization was created (such as through a fit to the observed data as a function of observed values of x). T can provide an instantaneous change (i.e., over a time step) or be inserted over a period of time, such as performed with the Fritsch-Chappell (1980) deep cumulus parameterization.

This approach is also common in the remote-sensing community (e.g., Jin et al. Pielke (1984; pages 263-265) proposed this approach to parameterize pa·ram·e·ter·ize   also pa·ram·e·trizetr.v. pa·ram·e·ter·ized also pa·ram·e·trized, pa·ram·e·ter·iz·ing also pa·ram·e·triz·ing, pa·ram·e·ter·iz·es also pa·ram·e·triz·es  the response of cumulus clouds to the larger-scale environment.

The current paradigm is to exercise the parameterization, T, within the atmospheric model for each gridpoint during the period of model integration. However, there is another approach that can significantly reduce the cost. The concept is to integrate the parameterization offline for the universe of x, where the number of values of x that is needed depends on the graining that is chosen.

This approach can be described as a look-up-table (LUT (LookUp Table) An array or matrix of values that contains data that is searched. See index and color palette.